海南西沙试验站大气霉菌群落初步调查

目的 筛选西沙试验站大气环境优势菌种,进行西沙试验站装备敏感菌研究。方法 采用撞击法进行大气霉菌采样,用统计学法计算出不同试验场地真菌数量,结合形态学法与ITS1-5.8S-TIS2或26SrDNA D1/D2区序列分析法鉴定菌种,并用SPSS初步探讨大气真菌与环境因素的关系,分析西沙试验站装备敏感菌。结果 西沙试验站优势种为Aspergillus aculeatus、Penicillium citrinum、Pithomyces sacchar、变红镰孢霉Fusarium incarnatum、Cladosporium oxysporum和Cladosporium oryzae,影响西沙试验站大气霉菌群落结构的重要环境因素是相对湿度和风速,贮存在西沙试验站的装备容易长霉,多种材料有不同的敏感菌,尤其是涂层样件和橡胶类材料。结论 西沙试验站大气环境中存在种类繁多的霉菌。     

Mineral constituents in Leccinum scabrum from lowland locations in the central Europe and their relation to concentration in forest topsoil

Leccinum scabrum is an edible mushroom common in European regions in the northern hemisphere. Macro and trace mineral constituents such as Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, P, Rb, Sr and Zn were studied in L. scabrum and in the top soil collected from the same location underneath soil substratum. The “pseudo-total” and labile (extractable fraction of minerals) were measured to get insight into the levels, distribution between the morphological parts of fruiting bodies, potential for their bioconcentration by mushroom and evaluated for human exposure via consumption of the mushroom. The sampling sites include the Dar?lubska Wilderness, Trójmiejski Landscape Park, Sobieszewo Island, Wdzydze Landscape Park and outskirts of the K?trzyn town in Mazury from the norther part of Poland. Median values of K, Rb and P concentrations in dehydrated L. scabrum were for caps in range 27,000–44,000 mg kg^?1, 90–320 mg kg^?1 and 6,200–9,100 mg kg^?1, and followed by Mg at 880–1,000 mg kg^?1, Ca at 48–210 mg kg^?1 and Al at 15–120 mg kg^?1. The median concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in caps were in range 15–27 mg kg^?1 db 38–140 mg kg^?1, 5.3–27 mg kg^?1 and 130–270 mg kg^?1. For Ba and Sr, concentrations on the average were at ～1 mg kg^?1, and almost equally distributed between the caps and stipes of the fruiting bodies. L. scabrum mushrooms were low in toxic Ag, Cd, Hg and Pb, for which the median values in dried caps from five locations were, respectively, in range 0.48–0.98 mg kg^?1 (cap to stipe index, Q_C/S, was 2.5–4.1), 1.0–5.8 mg kg^?1 (Q_C/S 2.9–3.8), 0.36–0.59 mg kg^?1 (Q_C/S 1.6–2.7) and 0.20–0.91 mg kg^?1 (Q_C/S 1.2–1.9). Substantial variations in the concentrations of the “pseudo-total” fraction (extracted by aqua regia) or labile fraction (extracted by 20% solution of nitric acid) of the elements determined in forest topsoils were noted between some of the locations examined. The elements K, P, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Na, Rb and Zn can be considered as those which were bioconcentrated by L. scabrum in fruiting bodies, while the rates of accumulation varied with the sampling location.     

生活垃圾填埋场不同粒径陈垃圾中微生物的分布特征

用3种尺寸的方形筛筛分填埋龄为6～7a的陈垃圾,并对筛分得到的4种不同粒径垃圾中的微生物类群分布特征进行研究.研究结果表明,陈垃圾中含有非常丰富的微生物,可达到1012CFU·g-1,其数量分布随粒径的变化为:(《4mm)＞(8～25mm)＞(4～8mm)＞(＞25mm);兼氧细菌在各粒径陈垃圾微生物中占绝对优势,其可达1012CFU·g-1,其次为真菌和厌氧细菌,真菌最高可达107CFU·g-1,厌氧细菌最高可达106CFU·g-1,放线菌数量最少,但也能达105CFU·g-1;同类群的微生物在不同粒径垃圾中的分布不同,不同粒径垃圾中不同微生物类群的数量组成也不相同;兼氧细菌和真菌数量对数值与各项理化指标线性回归方程表明,2类微生物明显受到含水率、浸提氨态氮、BDM和pH的影响.     

白腐真菌生物降解TNT装药废水的研究

本文利用自行培养驯化的白腐真菌，对实际ＴＮＴ装药废水进行了好氧生物降解实验。结果表明，经过五天时间的降解，废水中所含的主要成分ＴＮＴ接近完全降解，效果非常显著。对实验所获得时间序列进行动力学研究，结果证明了白腐真菌降解ＴＮＴ的反应为准一级动力学反应     

The Role of Fungal Symbioses in the Adaptation of Plants to High Stress Environments

All plants studied in natural ecosystemsare symbiotic with fungi that either resideentirely (endophytes) or partially(mycorrhizae) within plants. Thesesymbioses appear to adapt to biotic andabiotic stresses and may be responsible forthe survival of both plant hosts and fungalsymbionts in high stress habitats. Here wedescribe the role of symbiotic fungi inplant stress tolerance and present astrategy based on adaptive symbiosis topotentially mitigate the impacts of globalchange on plant communities.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, rhizobia, available soil P and nodulation of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) in Zimbabwe

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) colonization and nodulation of groundnut were examined in nine soils collected from subsistence farmers’ fields in Zimbabwe. Nodule number, shoot dry weight, shoot N and P contents, and AMF colonization were assessed after 6 weeks growth. Both nodule number and AMF colonization differed by an order of magnitude among the nine soils. Soil available P explained almost all the variability in nodule number (r² = 0.98), but had no significant effect on percent AMF colonization. By adding P to one soil, nodule numbers increased four-fold resulting in a significantly higher N content in the shoots. Similar, but smaller, effects were obtained by increasing the abundance of AMF through an inoculation with Glomus intraradices, suggesting that nodulation in this soil was limited by AMF abundance and that the fungi could, to a limited extent, substitute for P fertilizer.     

To enhance the reproduction of Phanerochaete chrysosporium by adding natural lixiviums in liquid medium

Great promotion to the reproduction of white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporlum by adding natural lixiviums such as from wood, maize core and potato in liquid medium was found in this research. Incubated in the liquid medium contained 10 mg/L glucose as carbon source with natural lixiviums for three days, the production of myeelium pellet reaches more than 80 g/L, which is 5 times more than that of without natural lixiviums. Incubated in the liquid medium contained 5 mg/L glucose as carbon source with natural lixiviums for three days, the production of myeelium pellet can reach 69.5 g/L, while the production in the medium without natural lixiviums is very low. When the liquid medium contained 1-20 g/L glucose as carbon source, the production of myeelium pellet in 3 d can only reach 12.5 g/L to 14.5 g/L. The fungus in the medium with potato lixiviums are easily contaminated by other microorganisms and in the medium with maize core lixiviums are easily bulking, while in the medium with wood lixiviums are neither easily contaminated nor bulking. Medium with wood lixiviums can produce more pellet than other medium, endure contamination and keep better sedimentation capacity. So that, wood lixivium is borer additive to the culture of white rot fungi in liquid medium. Addition of the mixture of wood, maize core and potato lixiviums is of advantage to the productian of mycelium pellet. The difference of the production in the medium with different amount of wood lixiviums showed little in the first 3 d, while it esnanded after 3 d. Wood lixiviums stimulate the growth of P. chrysosporium instead of supply organies which fungi need.     

丛枝菌根化大青杨苗木根际微域环境的研究

对接种AM菌根真菌的大青杨苗木根际微区进行系统研究，发现AM菌根真菌对宿主根际微域环境产生了重要影响：试验中选用的Glomus mosseae、G.intraradices、G.sinuosa、G.versifopme等4种AM菌根真菌都与盆栽大青杨苗木形成了菌根复合体。其中G.mosseae、G.intraradices侵染效果最好，侵染率分别是64．4％、67．4％。受两种菌侵染的苗木的生物量分别是对照处理的2．59、2．13倍。AM菌根对根际土壤微生物种群数量没有产生影响，但使根面、根系上的细菌、放线菌、固氮菌的数量显著增加。AM菌根增加了根际土壤磷酸酶、脲酶、蛋白酶的活性，各种酶活性增加量与苗木菌根侵染率呈显著相关。AM菌根使根际pH值降低，与菌根侵染率呈显著负相关。接种苗木的根际土壤中，可直接被植物吸收利用的N、P元素出现富集现象，与菌根侵染率呈极显著相关。     

白腐真菌对土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)降解的研究

研究白腐真菌对多环芳烃(PAHs)的降解,结果表明,温度、培养基、氧气浓度、水土比对PAHs的降解均有影响.温度为25℃、营养液为查氏培养基、通气量为60L·d-1、水土比为5∶1为最优水平组合.对降解不同时期各种因素的重要性及其最优水平的分析表明,各种影响因素在降解实验的不同阶段的影响程度不同,降解实验初期,培养基是最重要的影响因素,而氧气在整个实验中均为重要的影响因素.     

土壤中酞酸酯(PAEs)对丛枝菌根化植物生长的影响

以豇豆 (Vignaunguiculata )为供试植物 ,分别接种AM真菌Acaulosporalavis(光壁无梗球囊霉 ,菌号 :3 4)和Glomuscaledonium (苏格兰球囊霉 ,菌号 :90 0 3 6) ,通过温室盆栽试验 ,观察 2、10和 5 0mg·kg-1DEHP和DBP对菌根化植物生长的影响。试验结果表明 ,土壤添加DEHP和DBP后 ,植物地上和地下部分干重均有不同程度下降 ,高浓度DEHP和DBP还使植物叶绿素a和b的含量及根瘤数降低 ,接种AM真菌后明显促进了植物的生长 ,尤其对植物早期地下部分和植物后期地上部分的促进作用较为明显 ;同时 ,也增加了植物叶绿素a和b的含量及根瘤数